WOMEN IN CLASSICAL LITERATURE

 Reading the Classical text such as the Sejarah Melayu, I found women being
treated as if they had no heart and soul. A woman has no life of her own as she
has to follow what is dictated by norms and customs. Women who are closed to
the palace have been subjects and even gifts of political bargaining. This
inspired some poetry that have been analysed as  the feminist voices in my poems. For example, Dr
Suzana Muhammad has written a paper  “The
Development of Woman Identity: Feminist Approaches to Selected Poems of Zurinah
Hassan.” , delivered at Seminar Kefahaman Budaya, Universiti Sains Malaysia
2004.   A poem often quoted  is  “Pesanan Puteri Gunung Ledang Kepada Sultan
Mahmud” (The Message From Princess of Mount Ledang To Sultan Mahmud)  The Princess of Mount Ledang was a mythical
character, unearthly, magical, mysterious, and of course described as
exceptionally beautiful. She dwelt at Mount Ledang in the southern area of
Peninsular Malaysia visible from the palace of the Malacca Sultan. As the story
goes, the sultan was looking for a queen after the demise of his consort. This
time around, the sultan was determined to marry someone or something different
from an ordinary human princess as he wanted to be different and far above
anyone else. That was how he got the idea of asking for the hand of the
Princess of Mount Ledang.

The
Sultan sent his men up the mountain to ask for her hand in marriage. He
summoned almost every able bodied  man,
causing much hardship and unnecessary death to his subjects. It was a perilous
journey.   Many men fell off into the deep ravine or fell
prey to the wild animals.  Even Hang
Tuah, the famous Malay warrior, failed to reach the top. Only Tun Mamat
succeeded to the summit and entered the garden of the Princess. But he could
not see the Princess, and only conveyed the Sultan’s proposal through Dang Raya
Rani who was the princess’s chief lady in waiting. The beautiful princess sent
her famous message to the Sultan through Tun Mamat.

            The
Message from Princess of Mount Ledang to Sultan Mahmud

            Tun Mamat

            Convey this message to
the Sultan

            Bring these as my
dowry

            If he wishes to marry
me.

            Build me a bridge of
gold and another of silver

            Bring me germs and
mosquitoes seven trays of their hearts

            Vessels full of tears
and juice of young beetle nuts

            From the king and his
prince a bowl each of their blood.

            Honestly

            I knew from the start

            That he is willing to
construct the bridge of misery

            Let the people carry
the trays of agony

            And bear the burden of
heavy vessels of tears

            Rack their life with
flame of his own desire

            Provided he could
escape the fire.

            Tun Mamat,

            These conditions only
show my rejection

            As his queen I refuse
to be

            Seeing my life a murky
reflection

            I am not Tun Fatimah

            With the skill to
forgive cruelty

            I am not Tun Kudu

            Who could be forced to
agree

            It’s enough with Hang
Li Po

            Wrapped up as a gift,
a commodity

            Or Tun Teja who
tripped and fell

            The lover she followed
was only a shadow.

            Let Mount Ledang stand
tall, a reminder to all

            Of a flower that
survived and remained free

            Untouched by the royal
fancy

            Even a woman can
choose to disagree

            Even a king has his
turn

to admit being beaten.

(Menghadap ke Pelabuhan/Facing the Harbour. 2013:20-21)

Original.

Pesanan Puteri Gunung Ledang
kepada Sultan Mahmud

Tun Mamat

Sampaikan pesanku kepada Sultan

Jika aku ingin diperisterikan.

Perbuatkan aku jambatan emas jambatan perak

Bawakan tujuh dulang hati kuman, hati nyamuk

Air mata dan air pinang muda setempayan

Darah raja dan anak raja semangkuk

Sebenarnya

Alu telah menduga

Dia akan sanggup merentang jambatan derita

Dia merelai negeri menjadi dulang air mata

Kehidupan terbakar dalam api berahi

Selagi kepanasan tidak terpercik ke tubuhnya

Tun Mamat

Sebenarnya aku memberi syarat ini

Kerana aku tidak sudi menjadi permaisuri Sultan

Dan hidup bercerminkan kekeruhan

Aku bukan Tun Fatimah

Yang pandai memaafkan kezaliman

Aku bukan Tun Kudu

Yang tahu merelakan paksaan

Cukuplah dengan Puteri Hang Li Po

Yang terbungkus menjadi persembahan

Dan tersungkurnya Tun Teja

Ketika menangkap bayang-bayang cinta

Biarlah Gunung Ledang berdiri mengingatkan

Ada bunga yang tidak dapat digubah

Sesedap titah

Seorang perempuan pun ada kalanya

Berhak memiliki kebebasan

Seorang sultan pun ada kalanya

Harus tunduk kepada kekalahan.

This
proposal is an episode in the Sejarah Melayu (Malay Annals). The story
may not have been historically true. The princess may not have existed. But the
writer of the Sejarah Melayu has constructed the story as a medium to
criticize the Sultan for his unjust rule of the country and his cruelty
especially to women, treating them as if they have no heart and soul. The
Princess of Mount Ledang proposed these conditions of the dowry as a way of
refusing to marry him. As for the Sultan, this was the first time anyone said
no to him. The princess was the first woman to succeed in showing the Sultan
that he too must be able to accept rejection. The important point in “Message
of the Princess of Mount Ledang to Sultan Mahmud” is the exertion of a woman’s
right to decide and take control of herself and her life. That the princess was
able to speak her mind showed that women have freedom of expression and the
right to refuse. As I put in my poem:

Let Mount Ledang stand tall, a reminder to all

Of a flower that survived and remained free

Untouched by the royal fancy

Even a woman can choose to disagree

Even a king has his turn

to admit being beaten.

Besides
the “Princess of Mount Ledang,” there are other legendary ladies in the Malay
Annals, one of which is Princess Hang Li Po.

The Voyage of Princess Hang Li Po (Original
title: pelayaran Hang Li Po)

The beautiful Princess Hang Li Po

In the voyage to Melaka

Crying in agony

So young and so tender

To be torn from her mother

Like a shoot from its root

She’d rather die

Drowned by the ocean

Than to lose the loving touch of her parents

Is this her fate her destiny

To be delivered as a gift,

Wrapped as a commodity

Shipped to Melaka

As a bride and a donation

That would strengthen the nation

Her mother, Her Majesty, The Maharani

Had spoken in tears

My beloved Li Po, please be brave

This fact we have to face

You and me what we are born to be

As queens and princesses

We do not own ourselves

Marriage for us is not a personal decision

It is a state arrangement, a political mission.

Do not cry for your father

He is a man, and a king

He loves you as a daughter

But his kingdom is everything

He laughs and cries for the nation

The kingdom demands his attention

First the reign over his land

Family happiness comes second.

Yes Li Po

Look what history has written

Of empires and nations

Built and strengthened

At the sacrifice and tears of women

While many brought to the end

By misdeed and greed of men.

 (Menghadap ke Pelabuhan/Facing
the Harbour: 24-25)

Original

Hang Li Po yang jelita

Dalam pelayaran ke Melaka

Menangis di dalam bahtera

Semuda ini dia dipisahkan

Dari ibu tempat bermanja

Bagai pohon dari akarnya

Rasanya biar bercerai badan dan nyawa

Biar mati di tengah gelora

Dari berpisah dengan keluarga

Apalah nasibnya badan

Sudah menjadi barang hantaran

Dibawa ke Melaka

Sebagai hadiah kepada Sultan

Kononnya untuk meneguhkan kerajaan

Bondanya Maharani yang mulia

Berpesan dengan air mata

Duhai Hang Li Po anak tercinta

Tabahlah menerima ketentuan ini

Inilah takdir kita

Menjadi puteri dan permaisuri

Perkahwinan kita bukan soal peribadi

Hidup kita bukan untuk diri

Diri kita adalah milik negeri

Apalah diharap pada ayahnda

Dia lelaki dan maharaja

Kau puteri kesayangan

Tetapi negeri adalah tanggungan

Tawa dan air matanya

Hanya untuk negara

Kuasa lebih penting

Daripada bahagia

Iya puteriku

Sejarah telah mencatatkan

Banyaknya kerajaan

Yang diteguhkan oleh pengorbanan

Dan air mata perempuan

Dan banyak pula negeri

Yang diruntuhkan oleh nafsu lelaki.

Princess
Hang Li Po was the princess of China betrothed to the Sultan of Melaka as the
show of support and protection from the much feared Empire of China to the
newly founded nation of Melaka. The Princess was taken away at a tender age
when she still playing around at home, cuddled by her mother. I imagined Hang
Li Po’s tears dropping into the ocean, crying  for the people she loved and missed so much.
Her mother must have also cried in agony, but they both were women facing
patriarchal oppression. As a mother I was very much disturbed and saddened by
this mother-daughter separation. It would be heart-breaking for any mother to
have her daughter taken away and sent to a place so far away.   Given the condition of travel at that time,
there was no guarantee of seeing each other again.  More than that, Hang Li Po as a female, was
being treated as a commodity shipped to Melaka. Marriage for queens and
princesses was not a personal decision but a political mission. Her father, as
a man and a king, thought and talked less about family happiness but more about
his kingdoms.

Hang
Li Po was not the only one sacrificed for the sake of the Malacca Sultanate.
There have been others. There were
famous beautiful suffering ladies of Malay Annals including Tun Teja, Tun Kudu
dan Tun Fatimah. Tun Teja was the daughter of a statesman of Pahang, who felled
in love with Hang Tuah and agreed to run away with him to Melaka. Later in the
boat she found out that she had been deceived by Hang Tuah with all his talks
of love. Hang Tuah at the time was sent to exile by the Sultan and abducting
Tun Teja for a present was his mean of getting back into the Sultan’s favour.

Another
pitiful woman in the Malay Annals was Tun Kudu. She was the consort
of  Sultan Muzaffar and a sister of Tun
Perak,  the man who saved Malacca from
foreign attacks. Tun Perak rose up for his bravery that strengthened Melaka and
it was rumoured that he was eyeing the position of Bendahara much to the dismay
of the existing Bendahara, Tun Ali. Subsequently rivalry broke up between
supporters of Tun Ali and Tun Perak. This threatened the stability of Melaka
and the position of the Sultan. Someone came up with a solution that the
widowed Tun Ali should be married into Tun Perak’s family. When offered to pick
his choice,  Tun Ali  made it clear that the only woman in Tun
Perak’s family that he desired was Tun Kudu, 
the wife of Sultan Muzaffar and the queen of Melaka.  Sultan Muzaffar agreed  supposedly for the sake of peace and
stability. Tun Kudu was divorced and she became another woman who was asked to
sacrifice for the sake of Melaka. Indeed Melaka was built on the sorrow and
tears of women, but it eventually fell due to the greed and misdeed of men, as
has been the case with so many other nations.

Part of the poem Episod Tun Kudu goes:

Tun Kudu was the consort of Sultan Muzaffar

A bunch of grape sweet and 
ripe

In the vineyard of his heart

Bendahara Tun Ali was looking

And secretly craving

Tun Kudu, the wife

Cool as cucumber 

Waiting to be sliced

By the royal knife.

Defying his age

Tun Ali was adamant

To ask for the fruit of his passion

a woman in the chamber of the Sultan

as a prize of his retirement

Sultan Muzaffar and Tun Ali

Making arrangement and agreement

Between gentlemen

Exchanging position and a possession

That they called a woman.

Who have no say in the discussion

It is up to men to discuss

And the duty of woman to sacrifice.

I have
written poems about women in the legends, but 
my main concern is the  about the
present situation. What happened to the legendry ladies is happening to many
women in our time, though in different ways. Even today,  marriages are not  necessarily a matter of the heart. There are
marriages of convenience, marriages for family honour, business arrangements,
social commitments, and more often to save a woman and her family from the
social stigma. A girl is  brought up to
preserve a good name so that she will be married into a  good family. It is believed that no woman
would remain unmarried by choice . There is a high and often unaffordable price
of living alone and remaining true to one’s identity and carving one’s own
destiny. My point is what I put in the line, “A woman has to be less herself,
in order to be more a woman”. This is delivered in a poem entitled “Marriage”:

It is too costly and too risky.

(Menghadap ke Pelabuhan/Facing the Harbour: 82-83)

Even
up to the present time some young girls sacrifice advancement in career for a
marriage prospect much to the loss of their nations. In a poem “Salam Perempuan
Dari Penjara,” (A Woman’s Greeting From Prison, 2010) [S1] ,
 I looked at a woman’s journey through
life as a procession which no one dares to divert from. It is a procession
where everyone walked to a fixed destiny:

She and her sisters

in a procession to their day

while within this wall

they have not lived at all.

 (Menghadap
ke Pelabuhan/Facing the Harbour: 60-61)

As I
have mentioned earlier, there are women who marry for the sake of freeing
themselves from social stigma. As for choosing their life partners, the elders
told their girls not to be choosy and told their boys to choose their bride properly.
This depressing situation gave rise to a poem “Satu Percakapan Singkat” (A
Short Conversation):

           

A Short Conversation

(with a fellow poet)

My friend

On our love for  life

We may not differ from
each other

On our love for poetry

That too is similar

But you are a man

And I am a woman

That make the whole
different

A man is free

to limit his choice

a woman limits her
choice

to free herself.

            .

 ((Menghadap
ke Pelabuhan/Facing the Harbour:  pp.88-89)

Born
as a woman, there is not much that you can do but pray to God for his
protection and guidance. I wrote a poem, 
“Nyanyian Menidurkan Halini” (A Lullaby to Halini), in which I told a
little girl  not to cry. And I wish I
could teach her not to shed tears  now
and forever. She should grow up as a strong personality and not to cry on the
wrong shoulders.

With this song Halini

I put you to sleep

Sleep will not always come easy

When you are old enough to know it

Calm down Halini

Don’t cry anymore

You must learn to value your tears

Don’t let it fall

on any wrong shoulders.

May you grow up Halini

With courage and confidence

Put your trust in God

You will really need him

Because you are born a woman.

((Menghadap ke Pelabuhan/Facing the Harbour:  pp.80-81)